"Mai sauƙi" ba kalma ce da ke zuwa a zuciya don tsara irin waɗannan yanayi masu mahimmanci ba. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin ba za ku iya samar da ingantaccen tsarin ɗakin tsafta ta hanyar magance matsaloli a cikin tsari mai ma'ana ba. Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi kowane muhimmin mataki, har zuwa shawarwari masu amfani don daidaita lissafin kaya, tsara hanyoyin fitar da ruwa, da kuma yin kamun kifi don isasshen sararin ɗakin injina dangane da ajin ɗakin tsaftacewa.
Yawancin hanyoyin masana'antu suna buƙatar yanayi mai tsauri na muhalli da ɗakin tsafta ke bayarwa. Saboda ɗakunan tsafta suna da tsarin injina masu rikitarwa da kuma tsadar gini, aiki, da makamashi, yana da mahimmanci a yi ƙirar ɗakin tsafta ta hanyar da ta dace. Wannan labarin zai gabatar da hanyar mataki-mataki don kimantawa da tsara ɗakunan tsafta, ƙididdige kwararar mutane/kayan aiki, rarraba tsaftar sarari, matsi na sararin samaniya, kwararar iska ta sararin samaniya, fitar da iska ta sararin samaniya, daidaiton iskar sararin samaniya, masu canji da za a kimanta, zaɓin tsarin injina, lissafin nauyin dumama/sanyi, da kuma buƙatun sarari.
Mataki na Ɗaya: Kimanta Tsarin Aiki don Gudanar da Mutane/Kayan Aiki
Yana da mahimmanci a tantance mutane da kwararar kayayyaki a cikin ɗakin tsabtace. Ma'aikatan ɗakin tsaftacewa sune mafi girman tushen gurɓatawa a cikin ɗakin tsaftacewa kuma ya kamata a ware duk mahimman hanyoyin da suka shafi shiga daga ƙofofi da hanyoyin shiga na ma'aikata.
Ya kamata wurare mafi mahimmanci su sami hanya ɗaya don hana sararin zama hanya zuwa wasu wurare masu ƙarancin mahimmanci. Wasu hanyoyin magunguna da na biopharmaceutical suna da sauƙin kamuwa da gurɓataccen tsari daga wasu hanyoyin magunguna da na biopharmaceutical. Ya kamata a yi nazari sosai kan gurɓataccen tsari don hanyoyin shigar da kayan da aka gama da kuma hana su, warewar tsarin kayan, da hanyoyin fitar da kayayyaki da aka gama. Hoto na 1 misali ne na wurin simintin ƙashi wanda ke da duka mahimman tsari ("Marufi Mai Ragewa", "Marufi Mai Kashi Mai Siminti") tare da wurare guda ɗaya na shiga da makullan iska a matsayin ma'ajiyar zuwa wuraren zirga-zirgar ma'aikata masu yawa ("Gown", "Ungown").
Mataki na Biyu: Tantance Rarraba Tsabtace Wuri
Domin a iya zaɓar nau'in rarrabawa na ɗakunan tsafta, yana da mahimmanci a san ma'aunin rarrabawa na babban ɗakin tsafta da kuma buƙatun aikin ƙwayoyin cuta ga kowace rarrabawa ta tsafta. Ma'aunin Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Muhalli (IEST) 14644-1 yana ba da nau'ikan rarrabawa daban-daban na tsafta (1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, da 100,000) da kuma adadin ƙwayoyin da aka yarda da su a girman ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
Misali, an yarda da ɗakin tsafta na Class 100 ya zama aƙalla barbashi 3,500/cu ft da microns 0.1 ko fiye, barbashi 100/cubic ft. a microns 0.5 ko fiye, da kuma barbashi 24/cubic ft. a microns 1.0 ko fiye. Wannan tebur yana ba da izinin yawan barbashi a iska a kowace jadawalin rarrabuwar tsafta:
Rarraba tsaftar sarari yana da tasiri mai yawa akan ginin, kulawa, da farashin makamashi na ɗakin tsafta. Yana da mahimmanci a tantance ƙimar ƙin yarda/gurɓatawa a fannoni daban-daban na tsafta da buƙatun hukumomin da suka dace, kamar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA). Yawanci, idan tsarin ya fi sauƙin amfani, to ya kamata a yi amfani da tsauraran rarrabuwar tsafta. Wannan tebur yana ba da rarrabuwar tsafta ga nau'ikan hanyoyin masana'antu daban-daban:
Tsarin masana'antar ku na iya buƙatar ajin tsafta mai tsauri dangane da buƙatunsa na musamman. Yi hankali lokacin da ake rarraba rarrabuwar tsafta ga kowane wuri; bai kamata ya wuce matakai biyu na girma a rarraba rarrabuwar tsafta tsakanin wurare masu haɗawa ba. Misali, ba abin yarda ba ne ga ɗakin tsafta na Class 100,000 ya buɗe zuwa ɗakin tsafta na Class 100, amma ya dace da ɗakin tsafta na Class 100,000 ya buɗe zuwa ɗakin tsafta na Class 1,000.
Idan muka duba wurin tattara simintin kashi (Hoto na 1), "Gown", "Ungown" da "Final Packaging" wurare ne marasa mahimmanci kuma suna da rarrabuwar tsafta ta Class 100,000 (ISO 8), "Bone Cement Airlock" da "Sterile Airlock" a buɗe ga wurare masu mahimmanci kuma suna da rarrabuwar tsafta ta Class 10,000 (ISO 7); "Bone Cement Packaging" tsari ne mai matuƙar ƙura kuma yana da rarrabuwar tsafta ta Class 10,000 (ISO 7), kuma "Solvent Packaging" tsari ne mai matuƙar mahimmanci kuma ana yin sa a cikin layukan ruwa na Class 100 (ISO 5) a cikin ɗakin tsafta na Class 1,000 (ISO 6).
Mataki na Uku: Ƙayyade Matsi a Sararin Samaniya
Kula da matsin lamba mai kyau a sararin samaniya, dangane da wuraren rarraba tsaftar da ke kewaye da su, yana da mahimmanci wajen hana gurɓatawa shiga cikin ɗakin tsafta. Yana da matukar wahala a ci gaba da kula da rarraba tsaftar sararin samaniya idan yana da matsin lamba na tsaka-tsaki ko mara kyau. Menene bambancin matsin lamba na sarari ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin sarari? Nazari daban-daban sun kimanta shigar gurɓatattun abubuwa cikin ɗakin tsafta da bambancin matsin lamba na sarari tsakanin ɗakin tsaftacewa da muhallin da ke maƙwabtaka da shi. Waɗannan binciken sun gano bambancin matsin lamba na 0.03 zuwa 0.05 a wg yana da tasiri wajen rage shigar gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bambancin matsin lamba na sarari sama da inci 0.05 wg ba sa samar da ingantaccen sarrafa shigar gurɓatattun abubuwa fiye da inci 0.05 wg.
Ku tuna, bambancin matsin lamba mafi girma yana da tsadar kuzari kuma yana da wahalar sarrafawa. Haka kuma, bambancin matsin lamba mafi girma yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi a buɗewa da rufe ƙofofi. Matsakaicin bambancin matsin lamba da aka ba da shawarar a faɗin ƙofa shine inci 0.1 wg a inci 0.1 wg, ƙofar ƙafa 3 da ƙafa 7 tana buƙatar fam 11 na ƙarfi don buɗewa da rufewa. Ana iya buƙatar sake tsara ɗakin tsaftacewa don kiyaye bambancin matsin lamba mai tsauri a tsakanin ƙofofi cikin iyakoki masu dacewa.
Ana gina wurin tattara simintin kashi a cikin wani rumbun ajiya da ke akwai, wanda ke da matsin lamba na sarari tsaka-tsaki (inci 0.0). Makullin iska tsakanin rumbun ajiya da "Gown/Ungown" ba shi da rarrabuwar tsabtace sarari kuma ba zai sami takamaiman matsin lamba na sarari ba. "Gown/Ungown" zai sami matsin lamba na sarari na inci 0.03. wg "Bone Siminti Air Lock" da "Sterile Air Lock" za su sami matsin lamba na sarari na inci 0.06. wg "Final Packaging" zai sami matsin lamba na sarari na inci 0.06. wg "Bone Siminti Internal Packaging" zai sami matsin lamba na sarari na inci 0.03, da kuma matsin lamba na sarari ƙasa da na 'Bone Siminti Air Lock' da "Final Packaging" domin ya ɗauke ƙurar da aka samu yayin marufi.
Tace iska a cikin 'Marufin Siminti na Kashi' yana fitowa ne daga wani wuri mai irin wannan rarrabuwar tsafta. Bai kamata shigar iska daga wani wuri mai ƙazanta zuwa wani wuri mai tsaftar tsafta ba. "Marufin Solution" zai sami matsin lamba na inci 0.11 wg Lura, bambancin matsin lamba tsakanin wurare marasa mahimmanci shine inci 0.03 wg kuma bambancin sarari tsakanin "Marufin Solution" da "Makullin Iska Mai Tsabta" shine inci 0.05 wg Matsin sararin samaniya mai inci 0.11 wg ba zai buƙaci ƙarfafa tsarin musamman ga bango ko rufi ba. Ya kamata a kimanta matsin lamba na sarari sama da inci 0.5 wg don yiwuwar buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfafa tsarin.
Mataki na Huɗu: Tantance Iskar da ke Gudar da Samar da Sarari
Rarraba tsaftar sarari ita ce babbar hanyar da za a iya tantance yawan iskar da ke shiga ɗakin tsafta. Idan aka duba tebur na 3, kowace rarraba tsabta tana da saurin canjin iska. Misali, ɗakin tsafta na Aji 100,000 yana da kewayon inci 15 zuwa 30. Yawan canjin iska na ɗakin tsaftacewa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da ayyukan da ake tsammani a cikin ɗakin tsaftacewa. Ɗakin tsaftacewa na Aji 100,000 (ISO 8) wanda ke da ƙarancin yawan zama, ƙarancin tsarin samar da barbashi, da kuma matsin lamba mai kyau dangane da wuraren tsaftar da ke kusa da shi na iya amfani da inci 15, yayin da ɗakin tsaftacewa ɗaya da ke da yawan zama, yawan zirga-zirgar shiga/fita, yawan samar da barbashi, ko matsin lamba mai tsaka-tsaki na sararin samaniya wataƙila zai buƙaci inci 30.
Mai ƙira yana buƙatar tantance takamaiman aikace-aikacensa kuma ya ƙayyade ƙimar canjin iska da za a yi amfani da ita. Sauran abubuwan da ke shafar kwararar iska ta sararin samaniya sune kwararar iska ta hanyar sarrafawa, iska da ke shiga ta ƙofofi/buɗewa, da kuma iska da ke fita ta ƙofofi/buɗewa. IEST ta buga shawarar ƙimar canjin iska a cikin Standard 14644-4.
Idan aka duba Hoto na 1, "Gown/Ungown" ya fi shiga/fita amma ba wani muhimmin wuri ba ne, wanda ya haifar da 20 a ch., 'Sterile Air Lock' da "Bone Siminti Packaging Air Lock" suna kusa da muhimman wurare na samarwa, kuma a yanayin "Bone Siminti Packaging Air Lock", iska tana kwarara daga kulle iska zuwa cikin sararin marufi. Duk da cewa waɗannan makullan iska suna da iyakacin tafiye-tafiyen shiga/fita kuma babu hanyoyin samar da ƙwayoyin cuta, mahimmancin su a matsayin ma'ajiyar tsakanin "Gown/Ungown" da hanyoyin kera kayayyaki yana haifar da samun 40 ach.
"Marufi na Ƙarshe" yana sanya jakunkunan siminti/marufi na ƙashi a cikin fakiti na biyu wanda ba shi da mahimmanci kuma yana haifar da ƙimar achi 20. "Marufi na Siminti na Ƙashi" tsari ne mai mahimmanci kuma yana da ƙimar achi 40. "Marufi na Siminti" tsari ne mai matuƙar mahimmanci wanda aka yi a cikin murfin kwararar laminar na aji 100 (ISO 5) a cikin ɗakin tsaftacewa na aji 1,000 (ISO 6). "Marufi na Siminti" yana da iyakataccen tafiye-tafiye na ciki/ waje da ƙarancin samar da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da ƙimar achi 150.
Rarraba Ɗakin Tsafta da Canjin Iska a Kowacce Awa
Ana samun tsaftar iska ta hanyar wucewar iska ta hanyar matatun HEPA. Sau da yawa iska tana wucewa ta matatun HEPA, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke barin iska a cikin ɗakin. Girman iskar da aka tace a cikin awa ɗaya da aka raba da girman ɗakin yana ba da adadin canjin iska a kowace awa.
Sauye-sauyen iska da aka bayar a sama a kowace awa ƙa'idar ƙira ce kawai. Ya kamata ƙwararren mai tsaftace ɗakin HVAC ya lissafa su, domin dole ne a yi la'akari da fannoni da yawa, kamar girman ɗakin, adadin mutanen da ke cikin ɗakin, kayan aikin da ke cikin ɗakin, hanyoyin da abin ya shafa, ƙaruwar zafi, da sauransu.
Mataki na Biyar: Tantance Gudanar da Fitar da Iska a Sarari
Yawancin ɗakunan tsafta suna ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da iska da aka tsara don fitar da iska zuwa wurare maƙwabta tare da ƙarancin matsin lamba mai tsauri da kuma fitar da iska ba tare da shiri ba ta hanyar tashoshin wutar lantarki, kayan haske, firam ɗin taga, firam ɗin ƙofa, hanyar haɗin bango/bene, hanyar haɗin bango/rufi, da ƙofofin shiga. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ɗakunan ba a rufe su da sinadarai ba kuma suna da ɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Ɗakin tsaftacewa mai rufewa sosai zai sami ƙimar zubar ruwa daga kashi 1% zuwa 2%. Shin wannan zubar ruwa ba shi da kyau? Ba lallai ba ne.
Na farko, ba zai yiwu a sami matsala wajen fitar da iska ba. Na biyu, idan ana amfani da na'urorin sarrafa iska mai aiki, mai dawowa, da mai fitar da iska, akwai buƙatar a sami aƙalla kashi 10% na bambanci tsakanin iskar da ke fitarwa da kuma iskar da ke dawowa don raba bawul ɗin iska mai fitarwa, mai dawowa, da kuma iskar da ke fitarwa daga juna. Adadin iskar da ke fitarwa ta ƙofofi ya dogara ne da girman ƙofar, bambancin matsin lamba a faɗin ƙofar, da kuma yadda ƙofar ta rufe (gaskets, faɗuwar ƙofa, rufewa).
Mun san cewa iskar da aka tsara don shiga/fitar da iska tana tafiya daga wani sarari zuwa wani sarari. Ina fitar da iskar da ba a tsara ba take tafiya? Iskar tana rage zafi a cikin sararin stud da kuma daga sama. Idan muka duba misalin aikinmu (Hoto na 1), fitar da iskar ta ƙofar ƙafa 3 da 7 tana da 190 cfm tare da matsin lamba mai tsauri na 0.03 a wg da 270 cfm tare da matsin lamba mai tsauri na 0.05 in. wg.
Mataki na Shida: Ƙayyade Daidaiton Iskar Sararin Samaniya
Daidaiton iskar sararin samaniya ya ƙunshi ƙara dukkan iskar da ke shiga sararin samaniya (supply, infiltration) da kuma dukkan iskar da ke fita daga sararin samaniya (shaye-shaye, fitar da iska, dawowa) daidai gwargwado. Idan aka duba ma'aunin iskar sararin samaniya na wurin simintin ƙashi (Hoto na 2), "Solvent Packaging" yana da iskar da ke shiga sararin samaniyar ...
"Marufin Siminti na Kashi" yana da iskar iska mai ƙarfin cfm 600, tace iska mai ƙarfin cfm 190 daga 'Marufin Iska na Kashi na Siminti", fitar da ƙura mai ƙarfin cfm 300, da kuma iska mai ƙarfin cfm 490. "Marufin Iska na Siminti na Kashi" yana da iska mai ƙarfin cfm 380, fitar da cfm 190 zuwa 'Marufin Siminti na Kashi" yana da iska mai ƙarfin cfm 670, fitar da cfm 190 zuwa "Marufin Asali". "Marufin Ƙarshe" yana da iska mai ƙarfin cfm 670, fitar da cfm zuwa 'Gown/Ungown' 190, da kuma iska mai ƙarfin cfm 480. "Gown/Ungown" yana da iska mai ƙarfin cfm 480, shigar da cfm 570, fitar da cfm 190, da kuma iska mai ƙarfin cfm 860.
Yanzu mun ƙayyade yawan iskar da za a iya fitarwa daga ɗakin tsaftacewa, shigar ruwa, fitar da ruwa, fitar da hayaki, da kuma fitar da iska. Za a daidaita iskar da za a dawo da ita a sararin samaniya ta ƙarshe yayin fara aiki don fitar da iska ba tare da shiri ba.
Mataki na Bakwai: Kimanta Sauran Canje-canje
Sauran masu canji da ake buƙatar tantancewa sun haɗa da:
Zafin Jiki: Ma'aikatan daki suna sanya suturar safa ko cikakken suturar zomo a kan tufafinsu na yau da kullun don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma yiwuwar gurɓatawa. Saboda ƙarin tufafinsu, yana da mahimmanci a kula da ƙaramin zafin jiki na sarari don jin daɗin ma'aikata. Zafin sarari tsakanin 66°F da 70° zai samar da yanayi mai daɗi.
Danshi: Saboda yawan iskar da ke cikin ɗakin tsafta, ana samun babban cajin lantarki. Idan rufi da bango suna da babban cajin lantarki kuma sararin samaniya yana da ƙarancin danshi, barbashi masu iska za su manne kansu a saman. Lokacin da ɗanshin sararin samaniya ya ƙaru, ana fitar da cajin lantarki kuma duk barbashi da aka kama za a saki su cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda hakan ke sa ɗakin tsaftacewa ya fita daga ƙa'ida. Samun babban cajin lantarki na lantarki na iya lalata kayan da ke da alaƙa da fitar da wutar lantarki. Yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye danshi mai dacewa da wurin don rage tarin cajin lantarki. Ana ɗaukar RH ko 45% + 5% a matsayin mafi kyawun matakin danshi.
Lamination: Matakan da ke da matuƙar muhimmanci na iya buƙatar kwararar laminar don rage damar gurɓata shiga cikin kwararar iska tsakanin matattarar HEPA da tsarin. IEST Standard #IEST-WG-CC006 yana ba da buƙatun lamination na iska.
Fitar da Wutar Lantarki: Bayan danshi a sararin samaniya, wasu hanyoyin suna da matukar tasiri ga lalacewar fitar da wutar lantarki, kuma ya zama dole a sanya bene mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Matakan Hayaniya da Girgiza: Wasu hanyoyin daidaito suna da matuƙar tasiri ga hayaniya da girgiza.
Mataki na Takwas: Tantance Tsarin Tsarin Inji
Wasu abubuwa da dama suna shafar tsarin injinan ɗakin tsafta: samuwar sarari, kuɗin da ake da su, buƙatun tsari, rarrabuwar tsafta, amincin da ake buƙata, farashin makamashi, lambobin gini, da yanayin gida. Ba kamar tsarin A/C na yau da kullun ba, tsarin A/C na ɗakin tsafta yana da iska mai yawa fiye da yadda ake buƙata don biyan buƙatun sanyaya da dumama.
Dakunan tsafta na aji 100,000 (ISO 8) da ƙananan achi Class 10,000 (ISO 7) za su iya samun dukkan iska ta ratsa AHU. Idan aka duba Hoto na 3, iskar da ta dawo da iska da ta waje ana gauraya su, ana tace su, ana sanyaya su, ana dumama su, sannan a sanya su a jiƙa su kafin a kai su matatun HEPA na ƙarshe a cikin rufin. Don hana sake zagayawa cikin ɗakin tsaftacewa, iskar da ta dawo tana ɗaukar ƙananan achi res. Ga manyan achi 10,000 (ISO 7) da kuma ɗakunan tsaftacewa masu tsabta, iskar ta yi yawa don duk iskar ta ratsa AHU. Idan aka duba Hoto na 4, ƙaramin ɓangare na iskar da ta dawo ana mayar da ita zuwa AHU don sanyaya ta. Sauran iskar ana mayar da ita zuwa fanka mai zagayawa.
Madadin Na'urorin Kula da Iska na Gargajiya
Na'urorin tace fanka, waɗanda aka fi sani da na'urorin busar da iska masu haɗaka, mafita ce ta tace fanka mai sassauƙa tare da wasu fa'idodi fiye da tsarin sarrafa iska na gargajiya. Ana amfani da su a ƙananan wurare da manyan wurare tare da ƙimar tsafta kamar ƙasa da ISO Class 3. Yawan canjin iska da buƙatun tsafta suna ƙayyade adadin matatun fanka da ake buƙata. Rufin ɗakin tsaftacewa na ISO Class 8 na iya buƙatar kashi 5-15% kawai na rufin yayin da ɗakin tsaftacewa na ISO Class 3 ko na tsabtacewa na iya buƙatar ɗaukar hoto 60-100%.
Mataki na Tara: Yi Lissafin Dumama/Sanyaya
Lokacin da ake yin lissafin dumama/sanyi na ɗakin tsafta, yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa:
Yi amfani da yanayin yanayi mafi tsauri (tsarin dumama kashi 99.6%, 0.4% na kwan fitila busasshe/kwan fitila mai sanyaya, da kuma 0.4% bayanan ƙirar sanyaya kwan fitila busasshe/kwan fitila busasshe).
Haɗa tacewa cikin lissafi.
Haɗa humidifier manifold zafi a cikin lissafi.
Haɗa nauyin aiki cikin lissafi.
Haɗa zafin fanka mai sake juyawa cikin lissafi.
Mataki na Goma: Yaƙi don Sararin Ɗakin Inji
Dakunan tsaftacewa suna da ƙarfi ta hanyar injiniya da lantarki. Yayin da rarraba tsaftar ɗakin tsaftacewa ke ƙara zama tsafta, ana buƙatar ƙarin sararin kayan aikin injiniya don samar da isasshen tallafi ga ɗakin tsaftacewa. Ta amfani da ɗakin tsaftacewa mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 1,000 a matsayin misali, ɗakin tsaftacewa mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 100,000 (ISO 8) zai buƙaci murabba'in ƙafa 250 zuwa 400 na sarari, ɗakin tsaftacewa mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 250 zuwa 750 na sarari, ɗakin tsaftacewa mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 250 zuwa 750 na sarari, ɗakin tsaftacewa mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 1,000 (ISO 6) zai buƙaci murabba'in ƙafa 500 zuwa 1,000 na sarari, da kuma ɗakin tsaftacewa mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 100 (ISO 5) zai buƙaci murabba'in ƙafa 750 zuwa 1,500 na sarari.
Ainihin faifan murabba'in tallafi zai bambanta dangane da iskar AHU da sarkakiyar aiki (Mai sauƙi: tacewa, na'urar dumama, na'urar sanyaya iska, da fanka; Hadadden abu: na'urar rage sauti, fanka mai dawowa, sashin iska mai sauƙi, iskar da ke shiga waje, sashin tacewa, sashin dumama, sashin sanyaya iska, na'urar humidifier, fanka mai samar da iska, da kuma yawan tsarin tallafi na ɗakin tsafta (shaye-shaye, na'urorin sake zagayawa iska, ruwan sanyi, ruwan zafi, tururi, da ruwan DI/RO). Yana da mahimmanci a isar da faifan murabba'in iska na kayan aikin injiniya da ake buƙata ga mai ginin aikin tun farkon tsarin ƙira.
Tunani na Ƙarshe
Dakunan tsaftacewa kamar motocin tsere ne. Idan aka tsara su yadda ya kamata kuma aka gina su yadda ya kamata, injinan aiki ne masu inganci sosai. Idan aka tsara su da kyau kuma aka gina su ba daidai ba, suna aiki da kyau kuma ba za a iya amincewa da su ba. Dakunan tsaftacewa suna da matsaloli da yawa, kuma ana ba da shawarar kulawa daga injiniya mai ƙwarewa sosai a fannin tsaftacewa don ayyukan tsaftacewa na farko.
Tushe: gotopac
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-14-2020
