Kāore pea te kupu "Māmā" e puta ake ana i roto i te hinengaro mō te hoahoa i ngā taiao tairongo pēnei. Heoi, ehara i te mea kāore e taea e koe te whakaputa i tētahi hoahoa rūma ma mā te aro atu ki ngā take i roto i tētahi raupapa arorau. Ka hipokina e tēnei tuhinga ia taahiraa matua, tae atu ki ngā tohutohu whai hua mō te whakarerekē i ngā tataunga kawenga, te whakamahere i ngā ara tātaritanga, me te kimi i te wāhi rūma mīhini e tika ana mō te akomanga o te rūma ma.
He maha ngā tukanga hanga e hiahia ana ki ngā āhuatanga taiao tino pakari e whakaratohia ana e te rūma ma. Nā te mea he uaua ngā pūnaha mīhini o ngā rūma ma, ā, he nui ngā utu hanga, whakahaere, me te pūngao, he mea nui kia whakahaerehia te hoahoa rūma ma i roto i te huarahi whakarite. Ka whakaatuhia e tēnei tuhinga he tikanga taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa mō te aromatawai me te hoahoa i ngā rūma ma, me te whakaaro ki te rere o te tangata/rawa, te whakarōpūtanga o te ma o te wāhi, te pēhanga o te wāhi, te rere o te hau o te wāhi, te tango hau mai i te wāhi, te taurite o te hau o te wāhi, ngā taurangi hei aromatawai, te kōwhiringa pūnaha mīhini, ngā tatau kawenga whakamahana/whakamatao, me ngā whakaritenga wāhi tautoko.
Hipanga Tuatahi: Arotakehia te Tahora mō te Rere o te Tangata/Rauemi
He mea nui kia arotakehia te rere o ngā tāngata me ngā rauemi i roto i te rūma horoi. Ko ngā kaimahi rūma horoi te pūtake poke nui rawa atu o te rūma horoi, ā, me wehe ke ngā tukanga nui katoa mai i ngā tatau me ngā ara urunga o ngā kaimahi.
Me whai urunga kotahi ngā wāhi tino hirahira hei ārai i te wāhi kia kore ai e waiho hei ara ki ētahi atu wāhi kāore i te tino hirahira. Ko ētahi tukanga rongoā me te koiora-rongoā ka taea te whakawhiti i te poke mai i ētahi atu tukanga rongoā me te koiora-rongoā. Me arotake marie te whakawhiti i te poke o te tukanga mō ngā huarahi whakauru me te pupuri o ngā rauemi mata, te wehenga o te tukanga rauemi, me ngā huarahi putanga me te pupuri o te hua kua oti. Ko te Pikitia 1 he tauira o tētahi whare sima wheua kei a ia ngā wāhi tukanga tino hirahira ("Mōkihi Whakarewa", "Mōkihi Sima Wheua") me te urunga kotahi me ngā raka hau hei ārai ki ngā wāhi e nui ana te hunga e haereere ana ("Kakahu", "Ungown").
Hipanga Tuarua: Whakatauhia te Whakarōpūtanga o te Ma o te Wāhi
Hei whiriwhiri i tētahi whakarōpūtanga rūma ma, he mea nui kia mōhio ki te paerewa whakarōpūtanga rūma ma matua me ngā whakaritenga mahi matūriki mō ia whakarōpūtanga ma. E whakarato ana te Paerewa 14644-1 o te Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (IEST) i ngā whakarōpūtanga ma rerekē (1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, me te 100,000) me te maha o ngā matūriki e whakaaetia ana i ngā rahi matūriki rerekē.
Hei tauira, ko te nui rawa o te hau e whakaaetia ana mō tētahi rūma ma o te Akomanga 100 he 3,500 ngā matūriki/putu kupita me te 0.1 maikorona me te nui ake, 100 ngā matūriki/putu kupita i te 0.5 maikorona me te nui ake, me te 24 ngā matūriki/putu kupita i te 1.0 maikorona me te nui ake. E whakarato ana tēnei ripanga i te kiato matūriki e whakaaetia ana i te rangi mō ia ripanga whakarōpūtanga o te ma:
He nui te pānga o te whakarōpūtanga o te ma o te wāhi ki te hanganga, te tiaki, me te utu hiko o te rūma ma. He mea nui kia arotakehia marietia ngā reiti para/paru i ngā whakarōpūtanga ma rerekē me ngā whakaritenga a te tari whakahaere, pērā i te Whakahaere Kai me te Rongoā (FDA). I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tairongo ake o te tukanga, ko te kaha ake o te whakarōpūtanga ma. Kei roto i tēnei ripanga ngā whakarōpūtanga ma mō ngā momo tukanga hanga:
Tērā pea me whai akomanga horoi pakari ake tō tukanga hanga i runga i ōna whakaritenga ahurei. Kia tūpato i te wā e tohua ana ngā whakarōpūtanga horoi ki ia wāhi; kaua e neke atu i te rua ngā whakarōpūtanga nui o te rerekētanga o te whakarōpūtanga horoi i waenga i ngā wāhi hono. Hei tauira, kāore e whakaaetia kia tuwhera he rūma horoi Akomanga 100,000 ki roto i tētahi rūma horoi Akomanga 100, engari e whakaaetia ana kia tuwhera he rūma horoi Akomanga 100,000 ki roto i tētahi rūma horoi Akomanga 1,000.
Ki te titiro ki tā mātou whare tākai sima wheua (Pikitia 1), ko "Gown", "Ungown" me "Final Packaging" he wāhi iti ake te hiranga, ā, he whakarōpūtanga horoi o te Akomanga 100,000 (ISO 8), ko "Bone Cement Airlock" me "Sterile Airlock" e tuwhera ana ki ngā wāhi hiranga, ā, he whakarōpūtanga horoi o te Akomanga 10,000 (ISO 7); ko te 'Bone Cement Packaging' he tukanga hiranga puehu, ā, he whakarōpūtanga horoi o te Akomanga 10,000 (ISO 7), ā, ko te 'Solvent Packaging' he tukanga tino hiranga, ā, ka mahia i roto i ngā taupoki rere laminar o te Akomanga 100 (ISO 5) i roto i te rūma ma o te Akomanga 1,000 (ISO 6).
Hipanga Tuatoru: Whakatauhia te Pēhanga o te Wāhi
He mea nui te pupuri i te pēhanga hau pai, e pā ana ki ngā wāhi paru e tata ana, hei ārai i ngā poke mai i te whakaurunga ki roto i te rūma ma. He tino uaua ki te pupuri tonu i te whakarōpūtanga ma o te wāhi ina he pēhanga wāhi koretake, he pēhanga kino rānei. Me pēhea te rerekētanga pēhanga wāhi i waenga i ngā wāhi? He maha ngā rangahau i arotake i te whakaurunga poke ki roto i te rūma ma me te rerekētanga pēhanga wāhi i waenga i te rūma ma me te taiao kāore i te whakahaerehia. I kitea e ēnei rangahau he whai hua te rerekētanga pēhanga o te 0.03 ki te 0.05 in wg ki te whakaiti i te whakaurunga poke. Ko ngā rerekētanga pēhanga wāhi i runga ake i te 0.05 in. wg kāore e whakarato i te whakahaere whakaurunga poke pai ake i te 0.05 in. wg.
Kia maumahara, he nui ake te utu pūngao mō te rerekētanga pēhanga nui ake o te wāhi, ā, he uaua ake te whakahaere. Waihoki, me nui ake te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatuwhera me te kati i ngā tatau mō te rerekētanga pēhanga nui ake. Ko te rerekētanga pēhanga mōrahi e taunakitia ana puta noa i te tatau he 0.1 inihi wg i te 0.1 inihi wg, ko te tatau 3 putu te whānui, 7 putu te whānui me 11 pauna te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei whakatuwhera me te kati. Me whakarerekē pea te huinga rūma ma kia mau tonu te rerekētanga pēhanga pumau puta noa i ngā tatau i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana.
Kei te hangaia tā mātou whare tākai sima wheua i roto i tētahi whare putunga o nāianei, he pēhanga wāhi koretake (0.0 inihi wg). Kāore he whakarōpūtanga ma o te wāhi i waenganui i te whare putunga me te "Gown/Ungown", ā, kāore hoki he pēhanga wāhi kua tohua. Ko te pēhanga wāhi o "Gown/Ungown" he 0.03 inihi wg. Ko te "Bone Cement Air Lock" me te "Sterile Air Lock" he 0.06 inihi wg. Ko te "Final Packaging" he 0.06 inihi wg. Ko te "Bone Cement Packaging" he 0.03 inihi wg. He iti ake te pēhanga wāhi i te 'Bone Cement Air Lock' me te "Final Packaging" hei pupuri i te puehu i puta i te wā tākai.
Ko te hau e tātarihia ana ki roto i te 'Bone Cement Packaging' e ahu mai ana i tētahi wāhi he rite tonu te whakarōpūtanga o te ma. Kaua te hau e uru mai i tētahi wāhi whakarōpūtanga ma paru ki tētahi wāhi whakarōpūtanga ma ma. Ko te pehanga o te wāhi i roto i te "Solvent Packaging" he 0.11 in. wg. Kia mahara, ko te rerekētanga o te pehanga o te wāhi i waenga i ngā wāhi iti ake te hiranga ko te 0.03 in. wg, ā, ko te rerekētanga o te wāhi i waenga i te "Solvent Packaging" tino hiranga me te "Sterile Air Lock" he 0.05 in. wg. Kāore te pehanga o te wāhi 0.11 in. wg e hiahia ki ngā whakapakari hanganga motuhake mō ngā pakitara, mō ngā tuanui rānei. Me aromatawai ngā pehanga o te wāhi i runga ake i te 0.5 in. wg mō te hiahia pea ki te whakapakari hanganga tāpiri.
Hipanga Tuawhā: Te Whakatau i te Rere o te Hau mō te Wāhi
Ko te whakarōpūtanga o te ma o te wāhi te taurangi matua hei whakatau i te rere o te hau o te rūma ma. Ina tirohia te ripanga 3, he tere whakawhiti hau kei ia whakarōpūtanga ma. Hei tauira, he 15 ki te 30 āwhata te whānuitanga o te hau o te rūma ma o te Akomanga 100,000. Me whai whakaaro te tere whakawhiti hau o te rūma ma ki te mahi e tumanakohia ana i roto i te rūma ma. Ko te rūma ma o te Akomanga 100,000 (ISO 8) he iti te tere noho, he iti te tukanga whakaputa matūriki, me te pēhanga pai o te wāhi e pā ana ki ngā wāhi paru ake e tata ana, ka whakamahi pea i te 15 āwhata, ko te rūma ma kotahi he nui te noho, he maha ngā waka tomo/puta, he nui te tukanga whakaputa matūriki, he pēhanga wāhi koretake rānei, ka hiahia pea ki te 30 āwhata.
Me arotake e te kaihoahoa tana tono motuhake, me te whakatau i te tere whakawhiti hau hei whakamahi. Ko ētahi atu taurangi e pā ana ki te rere o te hau i roto i te wāhi ko te rere o te hau mai i te tukanga whakaputa, te hau e uru ana mā roto i ngā tatau/pūwhera, me te hau e puta ana ki waho mā roto i ngā tatau/pūwhera. Kua whakaputahia e IEST ngā tere whakawhiti hau kua tūtohutia ki roto i te Paerewa 14644-4.
Ki te titiro ki te Pikitia 1, ko te "Gown/Ungown" te mea i nui rawa te haere ki roto/ki waho engari ehara i te wāhi tino nui mō te tukanga, ā, ko te hua he 20 ia ch., ko te "Sterile Air Lock" me te "Bone Cement Packaging Air Lock" kei te taha tonu o ngā wāhi whakaputa nui, ā, i roto i te take o te "Bone Cement Packaging Air Lock", ka rere te hau mai i te raka hau ki roto i te wāhi tākai. Ahakoa he iti noa te haere ki roto/ki waho o ēnei raka hau, ā, kāore he tukanga whakaputa matūriki, ko tō rātou hiranga nui hei ārai i waenga i te "Gown/Ungown" me ngā tukanga hangahanga ka hua ake he 40 ach.
"Mōkihi Whakamutunga" ka whakanohohia ngā putea sima wheua/whakarewa ki roto i tētahi mōkihi tuarua, kāore i te tino hira, ā, ka hua ake he tere 20 ach. He tukanga tino hira te "Mōkihi Sima Wheua", ā, he tere 40 ach. He tukanga tino hira te 'Mōkihi Whakarewa' e mahia ana i roto i ngā taupoki rere laminar Akomanga 100 (ISO 5) i roto i tētahi rūma ma Akomanga 1,000 (ISO 6). He iti noa te haere ki roto, ki waho hoki o 'Mōkihi Whakarewa', ā, he iti te whakaputanga matūriki tukanga, ka hua ake he tere 150 ach.
Te Whakarōpūtanga o te Rūma Ma me ngā Huringa Hau ia Hāora
Ka tutuki te ma o te hau mā te tuku i te hau mā roto i ngā tātari HEPA. Ko te maha o ngā wā e haere ana te hau mā roto i ngā tātari HEPA, ko te iti iho o ngā matūriki e toe ana i roto i te hau o te rūma. Ko te nui o te hau i tātarihia i roto i te haora kotahi, ka wehea ki te nui o te rūma, ka homai te maha o ngā whakawhiti hau ia haora.
He ture hoahoa noa iho ngā whakawhiti hau ia hāora kua tohua i runga ake nei. Me tatau ēnei e te tohunga HVAC mō ngā rūma horoi, nā te mea he maha ngā āhuatanga me whai whakaaro, pērā i te rahi o te rūma, te tokomaha o ngā tāngata i roto i te rūma, ngā taputapu i roto i te rūma, ngā tukanga e whai wāhi ana, te nui o te wera e whiwhihia ana, me ētahi atu.
Hipanga Rima: Whakatauhia te Rere o te Tātaritanga Hau o te Wāhi
Ko te nuinga o ngā rūma ma kei raro i te pēhanga pai, ka hua ake he hau kua whakaritea kia uru ki ngā wāhi tata, he iti ake te pēhanga pumau, ā, ka puta te hau kāore i whakaritea mā roto i ngā putanga hiko, ngā rama, ngā anga matapihi, ngā anga tatau, te hononga pakitara/papa, te hononga pakitara/tuanui, me ngā tatau urunga. He mea nui kia mārama kāore ngā rūma i hiritia kia mau, ā, he turuturu kei reira. Ko te auau turuturu o te rōrahi o tētahi rūma ma kua hiritia pai he 1% ki te 2%. He kino tēnei turuturu? Kāore pea.
Tuatahi, kāore e taea te kore turuturu. Tuarua, ki te whakamahi koe i ngā taputapu whakahaere hau tuku, hau whakahoki, me te hau putanga, me iti rawa te rerekētanga o te 10% i waenga i te hau tuku me te hau whakahoki kia wehea ai te hononga o ngā takirere hau tuku, hau whakahoki, me te hau putanga tetahi i tetahi. Ko te nui o te hau e puta ana i roto i ngā tatau ka whakawhirinaki ki te rahi o te tatau, te rerekētanga pēhanga puta noa i te tatau, me te pai o te hiri o te tatau (ngā hiri, ngā takahanga tatau, te katinga).
E mōhio ana mātou ka haere te hau whakauru/whakaputa kua whakaritea mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu wāhi. Kei hea te hau whakauru kāore i whakaritea? Ka tukuna te hau ki roto i te wāhi poutū, ka puta ki waho. Ki te titiro ki tā mātou kaupapa tauira (Pikitia 1), ko te hau e puta ana i roto i te tatau 3- mā te 7-putu te whānui he 190 cfm me te pēhanga pūmau rerekētanga o te 0.03 in. wg me te 270 cfm me te pēhanga pūmau rerekētanga o te 0.05 in. wg.
Hipanga Ono: Whakatauhia te Taurite o te Hau o te Wāhi
Ko te taurite hau o te wāhi ko te tāpiri i te hau katoa ki roto i te wāhi (te tuku, te whakaurunga) me te hau katoa e wehe ana i te wāhi (te putanga, te tango, te whakahoki) kia ōrite. Ina tirohia te taurite hau o te wāhi sima wheua (Pikitia 2), ko te "Solvent Packaging" he 2,250 cfm te hau tuku me te 270 cfm o te tango hau ki te 'Sterile Air Lock', ka hua ake he hau whakahoki o te 1,980 cfm. Ko te "Sterile Air Lock" he 290 cfm o te hau tuku, 270 cfm o te tango mai i te 'Solvent Packaging', me te 190 cfm te tango ki te "Gown/Ungown", ka hua ake he hau whakahoki o te 370 cfm.
Ko te "Bone Cement Packaging" he 600 cfm te rere o te hau, 190 cfm te tātari hau mai i te 'Bone Cement Air Lock', 300 cfm te putanga puehu, me te 490 cfm te hau whakahoki. Ko te "Bone Cement Air Lock" he 380 cfm te hau tuku, 190 cfm te tātaritanga ki te 'Bone Cement Packaging' he 670 cfm te hau tuku, 190 cfm te tātaritanga ki te "Gown/Ungown". Ko te "Final Packaging" he 670 cfm te hau tuku, 190 cfm te tātaritanga ki te 'Gown/Ungown', me te 480 cfm te hau whakahoki. Ko te "Gown/Ungown" he 480 cfm te hau tuku, 570 cfm te urunga, 190 cfm te tātaritanga, me te 860 cfm te hau whakahoki.
Kua whakatauhia e mātou te tuku hau mā roto i te rūma ma, te whakaurunga, te tango hau mai i waho, te putanga hau, me te whakahokinga mai o ngā hau. Ka whakarerekētia te rere hau whakamutunga mai i te wāhi i te wā tīmatanga mō te tango hau mai i waho i te wāhi kāore i whakamaheretia.
Hipanga Tuawhitu: Aromatawai i ngā Taurangi e Toe Ana
Ko ētahi atu taurangi hei aromatawai ko:
Mahana: Ka mau ngā kaimahi horoi i ngā hūtu poto, i ngā hūtu rāpeti rānei i runga i ō rātou kākahu noa hei whakaiti i te whakaputanga o ngā matūriki me te poke pea. Nā te mea he nui ō rātou kākahu, he mea nui kia iti ake te pāmahana o te wāhi kia pai ai te noho o ngā kaimahi. Mā te awhe pāmahana o te wāhi i waenga i te 66°F me te 70° ka pai ai te noho.
Haumākū: Nā te nui o te hau o te rūma ma, ka puta he nui te hikohiko. Ina he nui te hikohiko o te tuanui me ngā pakitara, ā, he iti te haumākū o te wāhi, ka piri ngā matūriki hau ki te mata. Ina piki ake te haumākū o te wāhi, ka tukuna te hikohiko, ā, ka tukuna ngā matūriki katoa i roto i te wā poto, ka kore ai e eke te rūma ma ki ngā whakaritenga. Ka taea hoki e te nui o te hikohiko te kino ki ngā rauemi e pāngia ana e te tukunga hikohiko. He mea nui kia mau tonu te haumākū o te wāhi kia teitei hei whakaiti i te nui o te hikohiko. Ko te RH, 45% +5% rānei, te taumata haumākū tino pai.
Te āhua o te rere o te hau: Ko ngā tukanga tino nui ka hiahiatia he rere o te hau hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā poke e uru ana ki te rerenga hau i waenga i te tātari HEPA me te tukanga. Ko te Paerewa IEST #IEST-WG-CC006 e whakarato ana i ngā whakaritenga mō te āhua o te rere o te hau.
Tukunga Hiko Patu: Hau atu i te whakamakuku o te wāhi, he tino tairongo ētahi tukanga ki te kino o te tukunga hiko patu, ā, me tāuta he papa kawe hiko pumau ki te whenua.
Ngā Taumata Haruru me te Wiri: He tino tairongo ētahi tukanga tika ki te haruru me te wiri.
Hipanga Tuawaru: Whakatauhia te Tahora Pūnaha Mīhini
He maha ngā taurangi e pā ana ki te tahora o te pūnaha mīhini o te rūma ma: te wātea o te wāhi, te pūtea e wātea ana, ngā whakaritenga tukanga, te whakarōpūtanga o te horoi, te pono e hiahiatia ana, te utu pūngao, ngā ture hanga, me te āhuarangi o te rohe. He rerekē ki ngā pūnaha hauhautanga noa, he nui ake te hau e tukuna ana e ngā pūnaha hauhautanga rūma ma i te mea e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i ngā kawenga whakamatao me te whakamahana.
Ka taea e ngā rūma ma o te Akomanga 100,000 (ISO 8) me raro iho te tuku i te hau katoa mā roto i te AHU mō ia rūma ma o te Akomanga 10,000 (ISO 7). Ki te titiro ki te Pikitia 3, ka whakaranua te hau hoki mai me te hau o waho, ka tātarihia, ka whakamataohia, ka whakamahanahia anō, ka whakamakukuhia i mua i te tukunga ki ngā tātari HEPA pito i te tuanui. Hei ārai i te hurihanga anō o ngā poke i roto i te rūma ma, ka kohia te hau hoki mai e ngā hurihanga pakitara iti. Mō ngā rūma ma o te akomanga 10,000 teitei ake (ISO 7) me ngā rūma ma ma, he teitei rawa ngā rere o te hau kia kore ai e taea e te hau katoa te haere mā roto i te AHU. Ki te titiro ki te Pikitia 4, ka tukuna he wāhanga iti o te hau hoki mai ki te AHU hei whakamatao. Ka whakahokia te hau toenga ki te pā hau.
Ngā Huarahi kē atu ki ngā Wāhanga Whakahaere Hau Tuku Iho
Ko ngā wae tātari pā, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kōwae pupuhi whakauru, he otinga tātari rūma ma, he pai ake i ngā pūnaha whakahaere hau tuku iho. Ka whakamahia ēnei ki ngā wāhi iti me ngā wāhi nui, he iti iho te whakatauranga ma o te ISO Class 3. Ko ngā reiti whakawhiti hau me ngā whakaritenga ma e whakatau ana i te maha o ngā tātari pā e hiahiatia ana. E 5-15% noa iho pea o te hipoki o te tuanui o te tuanui rūma ma ISO Class 8, ko te rūma ma ISO Class 3, ko te rūma ma horoi rānei, e 60-100% pea te hipoki.
Hipanga Iwa: Whakahaerehia ngā Tātaitanga Whakamahana/Whakamatao
I te wā e mahi ana i ngā tātaitanga whakamahana/whakamatao o te rūma horoi, me whai whakaaro ki ngā mea e whai ake nei:
Whakamahia ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi tino ātaahua (99.6% te hoahoa whakamahana, 0.4% te hoahoa whakamatao o te pūangi maroke/pūangi makuku waenga, me te 0.4% ngā raraunga hoahoa whakamatao o te pūangi makuku/pūangi maroke waenga).
Whakauruhia te tātari ki ngā tataunga.
Whakauruhia te wera o te manifold whakamakuku ki ngā tataunga.
Whakauruhia te kawenga tukanga ki ngā tataunga.
Whakauruhia te wera o te pā hau e hurihia ana anō ki roto i ngā tataunga.
Hipanga Tekau: Whawhai mō te Wāhi Rūma Mīhini
He nui te mahi a ngā rūma ma i roto i ngā mahi ā-mīhini me te hiko. I te mea ka ma ake te whakarōpūtanga o te ma o te rūma ma, ka hiahiatia he wāhi hanganga ā-mīhini hei tautoko i te rūma ma. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi rūma ma 1,000 putu tapawha te rahi, me 250 ki te 400 putu tapawha te wāhi tautoko mō tētahi rūma ma Akomanga 100,000 (ISO 8), me 250 ki te 750 putu tapawha te wāhi tautoko mō tētahi rūma ma Akomanga 10,000 (ISO 7), me 500 ki te 1,000 putu tapawha te wāhi tautoko mō tētahi rūma ma Akomanga 1,000 (ISO 6), ā, me 750 ki te 1,500 putu tapawha te wāhi tautoko mō tētahi rūma ma Akomanga 100 (ISO 5).
Ka rerekē te rahi o te tautoko tuturu i runga i te rere o te hau AHU me te uauatanga (Māmā: tātari, koiri whakamahana, koiri whakamatao, me te pā hau; Matatini: whakaiti oro, pā hau whakahoki, wāhanga hau whakaora, urunga hau o waho, wāhanga tātari, wāhanga whakamahana, wāhanga whakamatao, whakamakuku, pā hau tuku, me te huihuinga tukunga) me te maha o ngā pūnaha tautoko rūma ma (putanga hau, wae hau hurihanga anō, wai matao, wai wera, mamaoa, me te wai DI/RO). He mea nui kia whakamōhiotia te wāhi taputapu mīhini e hiahiatia ana ki te kaihoahoa kaupapa i te tīmatanga o te tukanga hoahoa.
Ngā Whakaaro Whakamutunga
He rite ngā rūma ma ki ngā motuka reihi. Ina tika te hoahoa me te hanga, he tino whai hua ngā mīhini mahi. Ina kore e pai te hoahoa me te hanga, ka ngoikore te mahi, ā, kāore e pono. He maha ngā tūponotanga o ngā rūma ma, ā, me tirotirohia e tētahi miihini whai wheako nui ki ngā rūma ma mō āu kaupapa rūma ma tuatahi.
Puna: gotopac
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-14-2020
