“Inqaba Yesayensi” Yokuvikela Impilo, Hlangana Nelebhu Yokuphepha Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Uma kuqubuka ubhubhane lwe-chikungunya, ubani oqalayo ukukhomba igciwane ngemuva kwalo?
Lapho i-Ebola ibhubhisa izingxenye ezithile zase-Afrika, ubani “osondelene kakhulu” nayo ngaphakathi kwelebhu?

Impendulo ifihliwe ngaphakathi kohlobo lwenqaba ekhethekile—ephephile njengegumbi lokugcina impahla lasebhange: iilabhorethri yokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo.

Namuhla, ake sivule iveli kulaba baqaphi abangabonakali sibone ukuthi basebenzisa kanjani isayensi ukwakha umugqa wokuzivikela empilweni.

Ama-lab nawo “anamazinga okuphepha”? Kusukela enkulisa kuya emabuthweni akhethekile!

Ungase ungazi lokhu, kodwa amalebhu nawo afika “ngamazinga,” njengokukhuphuka kwezinga emdlalweni—lapho ingozi iphezulu, kulapho igiya lithuthuka khona.
Ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokuvikela ezisetshenziswa kuma-microorganisms abangela izifo, ama-laboratories ahlukaniswe amazinga amane (I-BSL-1 kuya ku-BSL-4).

I-BSL-1: “Isikole sabantwana abancane” somhlaba welebhu

Lokho abakufundayo:Ama-microorganisms enza lokhohhayikubangela izifo kubantu noma ezilwaneni—“izingane ezinhle” ezingenabungozi, njengebhaktheriya ye-lactic acid esetshenziswa ukwenza i-yogurt.
Izinga lokuvikela:Ijazi lelebhu + amagilavu, ngokuyisisekelo izinga elifanayo nokuhlanzeka okuhle kwekhishi.
Lapho ukubonile khona:Ilabhorethri eqhuba izivivinyo zakho zezokwelapha ezivamile ivame ukuba kuleli zinga.

I-BSL-2: “Isiteshi sonogada” sezempilo yomphakathi

Lokho abakufundayo:Amagciwane angenza abantu noma izilwane bagule, kodwa izimpawu ngokuvamile zincane futhi azivamile ukuba zibulale—njengamagciwane omkhuhlane kanye ne-Salmonella.
Ngamanye amazwi, “abahlukumezi abalawulekayo”: bangabangela ukugula, kodwa abawona angenakuvinjelwa, futhi thinadobanezindlela zokuzilawula.

Izinga lokuvikela:Kuthuthukisiwe! Kudinga amakhabethe okuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ama-autoclave, kanye nemishini yokuvikela yezokwelapha.
Lapho ukubonile khona:Amalabhorethri amaningi ezibhedlela kanye namalabhorethri ezempilo yomphakathi afana ne-CDC awela kulesi sigaba.

I-BSL-3: “Isikhungo somyalo” samagciwane ayingozi kakhulu

Lokho abakufundayo:Amagciwane angabangela izifo ezinzima noma ezibulalayo—izinsongo ezinkulu “ezisezingeni eliphezulu” njenge-SARS-CoV-2, i-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kanye namagciwane omkhuhlane wezinyoni abangela izifo eziningi.

Izinga lokuvikela:Ukuthuthukiswa okugcwele!

• a. “Ijele” elinengcindezi engemihle: Umfutho womoya ongaphakathi uhlala uphansi kunangaphandle (cishe -30 Pa), ngakho umoya ugeleza kuphela usuka ephaseji elihlanzekile uye elabhorethri. Umoya ongaphakathi kwelabhorethri—mhlawumbe uthwala ama-aerosols e-pathogen—awukwazi ukugeleza ubuye uphume. Indlela yokubaleka ivaliwe ngokuphelele.

• b. “Inethi yokuhlanza” enesihlungi esiphindwe kabili: Umoya wokukhipha umoya kumele udlule ezihlungini ze-HEPA, uvimbele ama-99.97% amagciwane namabhaktheriya—izinhlayiya ezincane njenge-0.3 microns azidluli.

• c. Bakulungele ngokuphelele: Abasebenzi base-lab baba “ochwepheshe be-PPE abaphelele,” begqoke izembozo + ama-respirator e-N95 + izihlangu zobuso.

Yini eyenza ibe namandla:Ilebhu ye-BSL-3 ifana “nejele lesayensi” elakhelwe ngqo ukuvimba nokutadisha amagciwane ayingozi—ayingozi kakhulu futhi atheleleka kalula, kodwa lapha, awakwazi ukugqashuka.

I-BSL-4: Inqaba yokugcina yokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo

Lokho abakufundayo:Amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu—asakazeka ngokushesha, kunzima ukuwalapha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi awanalo ikhambi eliqinisekisiwe—njengegciwane le-Ebola kanye negciwane le-smallpox.

Izinga lokuvikela:Uphahla. Isigaba esiphezulu ngokuphelele.

• a. I-capsule evaliwe: Ilebhu ifana ne-space module ezimele, ehlukaniswe ngokuphelele nomhlaba wangaphandle.

• b. Uhlelo lokusekela impilo: Abacwaningi bagqoka “amasudi asemkhathini” anomoya wabo—ngakho-ke noma kukhona okonakalayo, ngeke bahogele umoya wangaphandle.

Yeka ukuthi kuyinto engavamile kangakanani:Zimbalwa kakhulu ezweni lonke—ngempela “isikhali esibalulekile” sempilo yomphakathi.

Izendlalelo ezinhlanu zokuzivikela: amagciwane awakwazi ukubaleka—ngisho noma enamaphiko!

Ukhathazekile ngokuvuza kwelebhu? Lolu hlelo lokuvikela luqine kakhulu kunegumbi lokugcina impahla lasebhange—inguqulo yesayensi yodonga lwensimbi.

Isendlalelo sokuvikela — Izilinganiso eziyinhloko — Ukuthi kunjani

• a. Ukuzivikela kwesakhiwo: Izindonga ezikhethekile zensimbi engagqwali kanye nophansi olungenamthungo — njengezikhali zempi ezingangenwa yizinhlamvu

• b. Ukuzivikela kwemishini: Amakhabethe okuphepha kwe-Bio (bamba amagciwane angu-99.97%), ama-autoclave (ahlanze ku-121°C) — “i-hood ebanzi kakhulu” + “i-incinrator”

• c. Ukuvikela inqubo: Izindlela zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zokungena/zokuphuma, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, kanye nezinqubo — umugqa wokuhlanganisa onembile

• d. Ukuzivikela kwabantu: Iziqu zezigaba ezintathu (ithiyori + ukulingisa + ukuvivinya umzimba), ukuqapha impilo njalo + ukugoma — ikamu lokuqeqesha amabutho akhethekile

• e. Ukuzivikela okuhlakaniphile: Iminyango evulekayo ye-Airlock (iminyango emibili ayikwazi ukuvula ngesikhathi esisodwa), ukuqapha imvelo amahora angu-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto kanye nezaziso — ukulawula ukufinyelela kwe-sci-fi-grade

Ukungaqondani okuvamile mayelana nama-lab…

Ukungaqondi kahle 1: Amalebhu amaningi = ingozi enkulu.
Amalabhorethri ochwepheshe empeleni enza umsebenzi onobungozi obukhulukuphephile—njengokuthi imitholampilo yomkhuhlane isiza kanjani ukuthi ukuqubuka kwezifo kuhlale kulawulwa.

Ukungaqondi kahle 2: Izinga eliphezulu = kulula ukuvuza.
Okuphambene nalokho. Amalabhorethri e-BSL-4 abesebenza emhlabeni wonke iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60, kanti kubikwe izingozi ezintathu kuphela emhlabeni jikelele (zonke zibangelwe yiphutha lokusebenza komuntu). I-China igcine irekhodi leminyaka eyi-10 lokungabi nezingozi.

Ukungaqondi kahle 3: Lokhu akuhlangene nabantu abavamile.
Imithi yokugomela izingane, ukuqapha umkhuhlane minyaka yonke, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kokudla… lawa malebhu avikela ngokuthula yonke isixhumanisi empilweni yansuku zonke.