"Nkhokwe ya Sayansi" ya Chitetezo cha Zaumoyo, Kumanani ndi Laboratory Yoteteza Zamoyo

Pamene mliri wa chikungunya uyamba, ndani amene amayamba kuzindikira kachilombo komwe kali kumbuyo kwake?
Pamene Ebola iwononga madera ena a ku Africa, ndani amene ali "pafupi kwambiri" ndi Ebola mkati mwa labu?

Yankho lake lili mkati mwa malo achitetezo apadera—otetezeka ngati malo osungiramo ndalama kubanki:labotale yoteteza zachilengedwe.

Lero, tiyeni tichotse chophimba pa alonda osaonekawa ndikuwona momwe amagwiritsira ntchito sayansi kumanga mzere wodzitetezera pa moyo.

Ma lab nawonso ali ndi "magawo achitetezo"? Kuyambira ku kindergarten mpaka ku magulu apadera!

Mwina simungadziwe izi, koma ma lab amabweranso mu "ma levels," monga kukwera mtunda mumasewera - chiopsezo chikakhala chachikulu, zida zapamwamba zimakhalanso zapamwamba.
Kutengera njira zodzitetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma laboratories amagawidwa m'magawo anayi (BSL-1 kupita ku BSL-4).

BSL-1: "Kindergarten" ya dziko la labu

Zimene amaphunzira:Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timachitaosatizimayambitsa matenda mwa anthu kapena nyama—“ana abwino” osavulaza, monga mabakiteriya a lactic acid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga yogurt.
Mulingo wa chitetezo:Magolovesi a labu + magolovesi, omwe ndi muyezo womwewo monga ukhondo wabwino wa kukhitchini.
Kumene mwachiwona:Labu yomwe imayesa mayeso anu azachipatala nthawi zambiri imakhala pamlingo uwu.

BSL-2: "Nyumba yolondera" ya zaumoyo wa anthu ammudzi

Zimene amaphunzira:Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingayambitse matenda kwa anthu kapena ziweto, koma zizindikiro zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa ndipo sizimapha—monga mavairasi a chimfine ndi Salmonella.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, "oyambitsa mavuto otha kuthetsedwa": angayambitse matenda, koma si osasunthika, ndipo ifedomuli ndi njira zowalamulira.

Mulingo wa chitetezo:Yasinthidwa! Imafuna makabati oteteza zachilengedwe, ma autoclave, ndi zida zodzitetezera kuchipatala.
Kumene mwachiwona:Ma lab ambiri a zipatala ndi ma lab azaumoyo a anthu onse omwe ali ngati CDC ali m'gululi.

BSL-3: "Malo olamulira" a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tili pachiwopsezo chachikulu

Zimene amaphunzira:Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingayambitse matenda oopsa kapena oopsa—ziwopsezo zazikulu za “bwana” monga SARS-CoV-2, Mycobacterium TB, ndi mavairasi oopsa kwambiri a chimfine cha mbalame.

Mulingo wa chitetezo:Kusintha kwakukulu!

• a. "Ndende" yoipa: Kuthamanga kwa mpweya mkati kumakhala kotsika kuposa kunja (pafupifupi -30 Pa), kotero mpweya umatuluka kuchokera mu khonde loyera kupita mu labu yokha. Mpweya mkati mwa labu—mwina wonyamula ma aerosols a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda—sungathe kutulukanso. Njira yopulumukiramo yatsekedwa kwathunthu.

• b. "Net yoyeretsera" yokhala ndi zosefera ziwiri: Mpweya wotulutsa utsi uyenera kudutsa mu zosefera za HEPA, ndikutseka 99.97% ya mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya—tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ngati ma microns 0.3 sitimalowa.

• c. Okonzeka bwino: Ogwira ntchito ku labu akhala "akatswiri a PPE okwanira," ovala zophimba nkhope + zopumira za N95 + zishango.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ikhale yamphamvu:Labu ya BSL-3 ili ngati "ndende yasayansi" yomangidwa makamaka kuti isunge ndikufufuza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toopsa—toopsa kwambiri komanso tomwe timafalikira kwambiri, koma pano, sitingathe kufalikira.

BSL-4: Linga lolimba kwambiri la chitetezo cha zamoyo

Zimene amaphunzira:Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toopsa kwambiri—tikufalikira mofulumira, tovuta kuchiza, ndipo nthawi zina popanda mankhwala odziwika—monga kachilombo ka Ebola ndi kachilombo ka nthomba.

Mulingo wa chitetezo:Denga. Gawo lapamwamba kwambiri.

• a. Kapisozi yotsekedwa: Labu ili ngati gawo lodziyimira pawokha la mlengalenga, lolekanitsidwa kwathunthu ndi dziko lakunja.

• b. Njira yothandizira moyo: Ofufuza amavala "ma space suit" okhala ndi mpweya wawo—kotero ngakhale china chake chawonongeka, sadzapuma mpweya wakunja.

Kodi ndi zachilendo bwanji:Ndi ochepa okha m'dziko lonselo—ndiyedi “chida chanzeru” cha thanzi la anthu.

Zigawo zisanu za chitetezo: tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe kuthawa—ngakhale titagwidwa ndi mapiko!

Mukuda nkhawa ndi kutuluka kwa labu? Chitetezo ichi ndi cholimba kuposa malo osungiramo zinthu kubanki—njira yasayansi yofanana ndi khoma lachitsulo.

Chitetezo cha gawo — Miyeso yapakati — Momwe chilili

• a. Chitetezo cha nyumba: Makoma apadera achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri + pansi lopanda msoko — monga zida zotetezera zipolopolo

• b. Chitetezo ku zida: Makabati oteteza ku matenda (agwire 99.97% ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda), ma autoclaves (ayeretsedwe pa kutentha kwa 121°C) — “chophimba chapamwamba kwambiri” + “chotenthetsera”

• c. Chitetezo cha njira: Njira zoyendetsera ntchito zolowera/kutuluka, kugwiritsa ntchito zida, ndi njira — mzere wolumikizirana wolondola

• d. Chitetezo cha anthu: Ziyeneretso zitatu (chiphunzitso + kuyerekezera + kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi), kuyang'anira thanzi nthawi zonse + katemera - msasa wophunzitsira magulu apadera

• e. Chitetezo chanzeru: Zitseko zolumikizirana ndi airlock (zitseko ziwiri sizingatsegulidwe nthawi imodzi), kuyang'anira zachilengedwe maola 24 pa tsiku, masiku 7 pa sabata, ndi machenjezo — njira yowongolera mwayi wolowera mu sci-fi

Kusamvetsetsana kofala pankhani ya ma lab…

Kusamvetsetsana 1: Ma labu ambiri = zoopsa zambiri.
Ma lab aukadaulo amagwira ntchito zoopsa kwambiriotetezeka—monga momwe zipatala za malungo zimathandizira kuti matenda azitha kufalikira.

Kusamvetsetsana 2: Mlingo wapamwamba = kutayikira kosavuta.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma labotale a BSL-4 akhala akugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zoposa 60, ndipo ngozi zitatu zokha ndi zomwe zanenedwa padziko lonse lapansi (zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu). China yasunga mbiri ya zaka 10 yopanda ngozi.

Kusamvetsetsana 3: Izi sizikugwirizana ndi anthu wamba.
Katemera wa ana, kuyang'anira chimfine chaka chilichonse, kuyezetsa chitetezo cha chakudya ... ma lab awa amateteza mwakachetechete chilichonse chomwe chimagwirizana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.