"Nhare yeSainzi" yeKuchengetedza Hutano, Sangana neBiosafety Laboratory

Kana chirwere che chikungunya chikaitika, ndiani anotanga kuona hutachiona huri shure kwahwo?
Kana Ebola ikaparadza dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica, ndiani ari pedyo nayo murabhoritari?

Mhinduro yacho yakavanzwa mukati merudzi rwenhare yakakosha—yakachengeteka senzvimbo yekuchengetedza bhangi: iyorabhoritari yekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu.

Nhasi, ngatibvisei chifukidziro pavarindi ava vasingaoneki toona kuti vanoshandisa sei sainzi kuvaka mutsetse wekudzivirira hupenyu.

MaLab anewo "mazinga ekuchengetedza"? Kubva kukireshi kusvika kumauto akakosha!

Ungasaziva izvi, asi ma laboratori anouyawo mu "mazinga," sekunge kukwira kwemazinga mumutambo - njodzi painowedzera, ndipo panonyanya kufambira mberi kwezvishandiso.
Zvichibva pamatanho ekudzivirira anoshandiswa pakudzivirira tupukanana tunokonzera hutachiona, marabhoritari akakamurwa kuita mazinga mana (Kubva kuBSL-1 kusvika kuBSL-4).

BSL-1: "Kindergarten" yenyika yerabhoritari

Zvavanodzidza:Zvipukanana zvinoitakwetezvinokonzera zvirwere kuvanhu kana mhuka—“vana vakanaka” vasina njodzi, semabhakitiriya elactic acid anoshandiswa kugadzira yogati.
Dziviriro:Jasi remurabhoritari + magurovhosi, zvakafanana netsika yekuchena mukicheni.
Kwawakambozviona:Rabhoritari inoita bvunzo dzako dzekurapa dzenguva dzose inowanzova padanho rakadai.

BSL-2: "Nzvimbo yevarindi" yehutano hwenharaunda

Zvavanodzidza:Utachiona hunogona kurwarisa vanhu kana mhuka, asi zviratidzo zvacho hazvinyanyi kuipa uye hazviwanzo kuuraya—semavhairasi efuruwenza neSalmonella.
Nemamwe mashoko, "vanhu vanokonzeresa matambudziko": vanogona kukonzera chirwere, asi havasi vasingadzivisiki, uye isudovane nzira dzekuvadzora.

Dziviriro:Yavandudzwa! Inoda makabati ekuchengetedza zvipenyu, ma autoclaves, uye michina yekudzivirira zvirwere.
Kwawakambozviona:Marabhoritari mazhinji ezvipatara uye marabhoritari ehutano hweveruzhinji akafanana neCDC anowira muchikamu ichi.

BSL-3: "Nzvimbo yekuraira" yezvirwere zvine njodzi huru

Zvavanodzidza:Utachiona hunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakakomba kana kuti zvinouraya—njodzi dzakakomba dze "mukuru" dzakadai seSARS-CoV-2, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, uye mavhairasi efuruwenza yeshiri anokonzera zvirwere zvakanyanya.

Dziviriro:Kuvandudzwa kwakazara!

• a. "Jeri" rine kumanikidzwa kusina kunaka: Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo mukati kunoramba kwakaderera pane kwekunze (inenge -30 Pa), saka mhepo inoyerera chete kubva mukoridho yakachena ichipinda murabhoritari. Mhepo iri murabhoritari—zvichida inotakura maaerosols ezvirwere—haigone kuyerera ichibuda. Nzira yekubuda nayo yakavharwa zvachose.

• b. "Mambure ekuchenesa" ane mafirita maviri: Mhepo inoburitsa mweya inofanira kupfuura nemumafirita eHEPA, ichivhara 99.97% yemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya—tunhu tudiki se0.3 microns hatupindi.

• c. Vagadzirira zvizere: Vashandi verabhoritari vava "nyanzvi dzePPE dzakakwana," vakapfeka machira ekudzivirira + marespirator eN95 + zvidzitiro zvechiso.

Chii chinoita kuti ive nesimba:Rabhoritari yeBSL-3 yakafanana ne "jeri resainzi" rakavakirwa zvakananga kuchengetedza nekudzidza hutachiona hune njodzi - hunokuvadza zvikuru uye hunogona kutapuriranwa zvakanyanya, asi pano, hahugoni kubuda.

BSL-4: Nhare yepamusoro yekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu

Zvavanodzidza:Utachiona hune njodzi huru—hunopararira nekukurumidza, hwakaoma kurapa, uye dzimwe nguva husina mushonga unozivikanwa—sehutachiona hweEbola nehutachiona hwesmallpox.

Dziviriro:Denga. Chigaro chepamusoro chose.

• a. Kapisiyumu yakavharwa: Rabhoritari yakaita semodule yemuchadenga yakazvimirira, yakaparadzaniswa zvachose nenyika yekunze.

• b. Sisitimu inotsigira hupenyu: Vaongorori vanopfeka "ma space suits" ane mweya wavo—saka kunyangwe kana chimwe chinhu chakakuvara, havafeme mweya wekunze.

Hazviwanzoitiki:Vashoma chete munyika yese—chokwadi "chombo chakakosha" chehutano hwevanhu.

Zvikamu zvishanu zvekudzivirira: utachiona hahugoni kutiza—kunyangwe nemapapiro!

Uri kunetseka nezvekubuda kwemvura murabhoritari here? Iyi nzira yekudzivirira yakasimba kupfuura nzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu mubhangi—yakafanana nemadziro esimbi.

Rutivi rwekudzivirira — Zviyero zvepakati — Zvakaita sei

• a. Dziviriro yechivako: Madziro esimbi isina ngura akakosha + pasi risina musono — senge nhumbi dzekudzivirira mabara

• b. Kudzivirira michina: Makabati ekuchengetedza zvipenyu (anobata hutachiona hunosvika 99.97%), ma autoclaves (anouraya utachiona pa121°C) — "chinhu chinopisa zvakanyanya" + "chinhu chinopisira zvinhu"

• c. Kudzivirira maitiro: Maitiro ekupinda/kubuda akajairika, kushandiswa kwemidziyo, uye maitiro - mutsetse wekubatanidza wakarurama

• d. Kudzivirira vanhu: Kudzidziswa kwematanho matatu (dzidziso + simulation + kudzidzira), kutarisa hutano nguva dzose + kubaya nhomba — musasa wekudzidzisa mauto akakosha

• e. Dziviriro yakangwara: Magonhi eAirlock akabatana (magonhi maviri haagone kuvhurwa panguva imwe chete), kutarisa zvakatipoteredza maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva, mazuva manomwe pasvondo, uye zviziviso — sci-fi-grade access control

Kusanzwisisana kwakajairika nezvemarabhoritari…

Kusanzwisisana 1: Ma laboratori akawanda = njodzi yakawanda.
MaLabhoritari ehunyanzvi anoita kuti zvinhu zvine njodzi zvikuru zvishandezvakachengeteka—sekubatsira kunoita makiriniki efivha kuti zvirwere zvirambe zvichidzorwa.

Kusanzwisisana 2: Nzvimbo yepamusoro = zviri nyore kuburitsa mvura.
Zvakasiyana neizvi. Ma laboratori eBSL-4 ave achishanda pasi rose kwemakore anopfuura makumi matanhatu, netsaona nhatu chete dzakashumwa pasi rose (dzose dzakakonzerwa nekukanganisa kwekushanda kwevanhu). China yakaramba iine rekodhi yemakore gumi isina tsaona.

Kusanzwisisana 3: Izvi hazvina chekuita nevanhuwo zvavo.
Majekiseni evana, kuongororwa kwefuruu gore rega rega, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu… marabhoritari aya anodzivirira chinyararire zvese zvinobatanidzwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.